Changing the norms of citizenship? Attitude, platforms and crisis-driven shifts in 17 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic

Authors: Koc-Michalska, K., Lilleker, D.G., Theocharis, Y., Aalberg, T., Cardenal, A.S., Castro, L., Corbu, N., de Vreese, C., Esser, F., Hopmann, D.N., Matthes, J., Schemer, C., Sheafer, T., Splendore, S., Stanyer, J., Stępińska, A., Stetka, V., Strömbäck, J., Zoizner, A.

Journal: New Media and Society

Publication Date: 01/07/2026

Volume: 28

Issue: 7

Pages: 2981-3003

eISSN: 1461-7315

ISSN: 1461-4448

DOI: 10.1177/14614448261444723

Abstract:

This study investigates shifts in citizenship norms during crisis. Citizenship, a core concept of democratic theory, reflects an allegiance to the state founded on public sovereignty, and individuals having the right and capacity to participate in political decision-making. Drawing on Schnaudt et al.’s framework, we explore changes in dutiful, autonomy, and solidarity norms through a two-wave panel study conducted across 17 European democracies in December 2019 and April 2020. Our data demonstrate that media use expectedly increased, and citizenship norms shifted significantly in some cases. Changes correlate strongly with rising levels of political interest. Complex patterns occur for different platform use: Facebook reinforced dutiful citizenship, Twitter strengthened autonomy norms, and WhatsApp solidarity norms. Exposure to congruent content enhanced adherence to all three norms, while peer-to-peer influence positively impacted autonomy and solidarity norms. The study contributes to ongoing discussions about the impact of the digital media environment on citizens’ relationships with democratic institutions.

Source: Scopus